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A portable method of interacting with the operating system is offered through the OS Python Module. This module is a part of the default Python library, which contains tools for locating and modifying the working directory. When we are working in the Python shell or scripting environment, it's important to know which directory we're currently working in. This is known as the current working directory. We can change the current working directory to navigate our file system programmatically. In this article, we will see how to change the current working directory in the Python shell. Getting the current working directory ... Read More
The auto keyword in C++ is used to automatically determine the type of variables from their initializer. This means you don’t need to explicitly tell the compiler the variable's data type. It lets the compiler determine the variable's type during compile time.C++ auto KeywordAuto was a keyword that C++ "inherited" from C that had been there nearly forever, but virtually never used. All this changed with the introduction of auto to do type deduction from the context in C++11. Before C++ 11, each data type needs to be explicitly declared at compile time, limiting the values of an expression at ... Read More
The extern storage class specifier lets you declare objects that several source files can use.What is Extern Storage Class in C++?The extern storage class in C++ is used to declare an object (global variable or function) that can be accessed by multiple source files. When a variable is declared with extern, it tells the compiler that the variable or function exists in another file (or later in the same file) and that memory is not allocated at the point of declaration. Syntax Here is the following syntax for the extern storage class in C++. Here, it's a declaration, but no ... Read More
The array operator provides the direct access to array elements using their index. What is Array Operator in C++? The arrow operator in C++ is also known as the member access operator, which is used to access a member of a class, structure, or union with the help of a pointer to an object. The arrow operator allows you to directly access the member, unlike the dot operator, which first dereferences the pointer and then uses the dot operator to access it. So instead of using (*pointer).member, you can directly use pointer->member. Syntax Here is the syntax to access array ... Read More
A class in C++ has the following access modifiers: public, private, and protected, which contain the corresponding class members. The protected members in a class are similar to private members as they cannot be accessed from outside the class, but they can be accessed by derived classes or child classes, while private members cannot. In this article, we will see various examples of how to access protected members in C++ and how it is different from private members. Accessing Protected Variable in C++ In this example, we have initialized a protected variable value in the parent class. We ... Read More
An array arr[i] is interpreted as *(arr+i). Here, arr denotes the address of the first array element or the 0th index element. So *(arr+i) means the element is at i distance from the first element of the array. So, array index starts from 0 as initially i is 0 which means the first element of the array. In this article, we will see an example of C and C++ code to understand the reason why an array starts from index 0. Why Array Index Starts from Zero? The array index starts from zero as it provides better efficiency and ... Read More
In C++, both structures (struct) and classes (class) are user-defined data types, where they both give access to group different data elements (variables) and functions together. However, they still possess a few differences between them. In this article, we will see and go through its differences. Structure (struct) The struct is a user-defined data type, which allows the grouping of variables of different data types, with the members being public by default. This is commonly used to represent simple data structures, where encapsulation is not necessary. A struct can contain data members and member functions, but its primary use is ... Read More
When we are dealing with large directories, managing files and folders is often required in listing them in a specific order. One common approach to list out the files/folders is sorting items by their names, which makes navigation and processing much easier. Python simplifies this task with built-in modules such as os and pathlib, which allow developers to fetch and organize directory contents with just a few lines of code. In this article, we will go through the different methods to retrieve and sort directory listings alphabetically with clean and flexible solutions for our file-handling needs. Using os.listdir() with sorted() ... Read More
In few scenarios, we need to change the extension of a file programmatically such as renaming a .txt file to .md or converting .csv to .json. Python provides different ways to do this using the os and pathlib modules. In this article, we’ll explore how to change a file’s extension using both approaches. Using os.path.splitext() The os.path.splitext() method of the os module in Python is used to split the file name into the name and extension. We can use this method to strip off the old extension and add the new extension. Example In this example, we are using the os.path.splitext() ... Read More
Here, we are going to learn how we can calculate the range of the different C++ data types such as signed data types (int, char, float, etc.) and unsigned data types (unsigned char, unsigned int, unsigned float, etc.). Calculating Range of Signed Data Types In C++, signed data types are used to represent both positive and negative integer values. So, to display their range, we use the following method − Calculate the total number of bits, multiply the sizeof bytes by 8. Calculate -2^(n-1) for minimum range ... Read More