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In Python, the try, except, and finally blocks are used to handle exceptions. These blocks allow you to catch errors that occur during the execution of a program and respond accordingly, which helps to prevent your program from crashing. Try and Except Blocks The try block contains code that might raise an exception. If an exception occurs, the except block handles it, preventing the program from crashing. Example: Handling ZeroDivisionError In this example, we are dividing a number by zero, which raises an exception and is handled by the except block - try: result = ... Read More
In Python, you need to use the built-in json module to work with JSON data. When you want to return data from a function in JSON format, you can use the json.dumps() function to convert a Python dictionary (or similar object) into a JSON string. This is helpful when making APIs, sending data in web responses, or saving organized data in files. Using json.dumps() Function The json.dumps function is used to convert a Python object (like a dictionary or list) into a JSON-formatted string. Syntax Following is its basic syntax - json.dumps(python_object) Where python_object is usually a dictionary or list ... Read More
When you write tests in Python, it is important to make sure that your function raises the correct exception for invalid input or unexpected conditions. This helps to confirm that your code handles errors properly. You can test exceptions using the following ways in python − Using the try-except blocks manually Using the unittest module Using the pytest module Using try-except Block One of the basic ways to test for exceptions is by manually using a try-except block. This allows you to execute code and catch any exceptions that occur. If the function doesn't raise the ... Read More
Camel case and snake case are ways of writing words together when we are programming. In camel case, we write words together without spaces and we start each new word with a capital letter except for the first word. For example, if we want to write a variable name for someone's date of birth, we can write it like this: dateOfBirth. In snake case, we write words together with an underscore symbol between them, and all the letters are lowercase. For example, if we want to write a variable name for someone's home address, we can write it like this: ... Read More
In Python, when you pass arguments to a function, they are passed by object reference. This means the function gets a reference (or pointer) to the actual object, not a copy of it. However, how this reference affects the object depends on whether the object is mutable or immutable. Mutable objects (like lists, dictionaries, and sets) can be changed inside the function. If you modify a mutable object inside the function, the changes will affect the original object outside the function as well. Immutable objects (like numbers, strings, and tuples) cannot be changed. If you try to modify ... Read More
In Python, you can pass optional parameters to functions, allowing you to call a function with fewer arguments than specified. Optional parameters are useful for providing default values when certain arguments are not provided. Python provides different ways to define optional parameters, including default values, variable-length argument lists, and keyword arguments. Using Default Arguments One common way to pass optional parameters is by setting default values for the parameters in the function definition. If no argument is passed for those parameters during the function call, the default value is used. Example In the following example, the greet() function has an ... Read More
As the name implies, an argument with a variable length can take on a variety of values. You define a variable argument using a '*', for example *args, to show that the function can take a variable number of arguments. Observations on Python's variable-length arguments are as follows - The designation "*args" for variable length arguments is not required. The only thing needed is *; the variable name can be anything, like *names or *numbers. You can send zero or more arguments to a function using a variable length argument. ... Read More
In Python, everything is an object. And every object has attributes and methods, or functions. Attributes are described by data variables, for example like name, age, height, etc.Properties Properties are a special kind of attributes that have getter, setter, and delete methods like __get__, __set__, and __delete__ methods. A property decorator in Python provides getter/setter access to an attribute. You can define getters, setters, and delete methods with the property function. If you just want the read property, there is also a @property decorator you can add above your method. Example This example shows how to use the @property decorator ... Read More
In Python, documenting your functions is an important step that helps others understand what your code does, what inputs it expects, and what it returns. Python provides a built-in way to write documentation using docstrings. By producing good documentation, you can make your code more readable and usable in larger projects or by external users. Using Docstrings A docstring is a string that appears just after the definition of a function. It describes what the function does, its parameters, and its return value. You write it using triple quotes (""" or '''). Syntax Following is the syntax for writing a ... Read More
In this article, we will learn to detect an event when the mouse moves over any component in Java. While building applications with Swing, detecting when the mouse enters or exits a component enables you to create responsive UIs with visual feedback. MouseListener We can implement a MouseListener interface when the mouse is stable while handling the mouse event. A MouseEvent is fired when we can press, release, or click (press followed by release) a mouse button (left or right button) at the source object or position the mouse pointer at (enter) and away (exit) from the source object. ... Read More