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The quick sort technique is based on the partitioning of an array into smaller sub-arrays. It is based on the divide-and-conquer algorithm. The average time complexity of this algorithm is O(n*log(n)), but the worst complexity is O(n^2). To reduce the chances of the worst case, we implement the quick sort technique using randomization. In this article, we have an array having 6 elements. Our task is to sort the given array using the quick sort technique while avoiding the worst-case complexity. How to Implement Quick Sort with Given Complexity Constraint? In the ... Read More
Python provides different ways to find the execution time taken by a script or specific parts of the code such as using the functions from the time module, like time.time() or time.clock(). The following are some common methods used to measure execution time in Python: Using time.time() Function Using time.process_time() Function Using timeit Module Getting Program Execution Time Using time.time() Function The time.time() function returns the current time as a floating-point number that indicates the seconds elapsed since the epoch (when time began). To calculate the execution time ... Read More
Python provides various modules, such as time, datetime, and timeit, to measure time with high accuracy. These modules offer high-resolution clocks to measure time intervals. The following are several methods used to measure time with high precision in Python. Using time.time() Method Using time.perf_counter() Function Using timeit.default_timer() Using time.time() Method for Simple Timing The time.time() method returns the current time in seconds since the epoch as a floating-point number. The epoch is system-dependent, but on Unix-like systems, it is typically January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 (UTC). ... Read More
We can use the PyMongo library (the official Mongodb driver for Python) to connect to a Mongodb database and use it to insert, update, delete, etc objects. To include date and time information, Mongodb supports ISODate format, and PyMongo provides direct support for Python's datetime.datetime objects. There are multiple ways to prepare a Python date object for insertion into MongoDB, which we will discuss here: Create and Insert Date Object to MongoDB Using datetime.datetime.utcnow() The simplest way to create a Python date object that can be inserted into MongoDB is by using datetime.datetime.utcnow() from the datetime module. You can use ... Read More
In every C/C++ program, execution starts from the main() function. Defining multiple main() functions will result in a compilation error. Can main() be Overloaded in C++? No, we cannot overload the main() function in C++ because main() serves as the entry point of any C++ program and must follow a predefined prototype. While C++ does support function overloading (i.e., multiple functions with the same name but different parameters), this does not apply to the main() function. If you try to create multiple main() functions will result in a compilation error due to invalid overloading. The following are the only two ... Read More
Writing a Binary File To write a binary file in C/C++ use fwrite()/write() method. It is used to write a given number of bytes on the given stream, starting at the position of the "put" pointer. The file is extended if the put pointer is currently at the end of the file. If this pointer points into the middle of the file, characters in the file are overwritten with the new data. If any error has occurred during writing in the file, the stream is placed in an error state. Syntax of write() method Following is the basic syntax of ... Read More
In C++, both delete and free() are used to deallocate the dynamically created memory. In this article, we will learn about the delete operator and free() function with the help of examples. C++ delete Operator The delete operator is used to deallocate the memory. User has privilege to deallocate the created pointer variable by this delete operator. Syntax Here is the syntax of delete operator in C++ language: delete pointer_variable; Here is the syntax to delete the block of allocated memory: delete[ ] pointer_variable; Example Following is the example of delete operator to see its usage in memory ... Read More
Boolean Literals In C++, Boolean literals are the values, which are assigned to variables of the Boolean data type. A Boolean literal represents two values: true or false, which are internally represented as 1 and 0 respectively. A Boolean literal occupies 1 byte (8 bits) of memory and is used for conditions, flags and logical checks. Declaring Boolean Variables You can declare the boolean variables and assign the boolean literals to them by the given following. In this variable1 and variable2 is assigned with boolean literals true and false respectively in C++. bool variable1 = true; bool variable2 = false; ... Read More
In this article, we will learn different ways to pass arrays to functions in C++ and how to work with them effectively. Passing Arrays to Functions Here are list of approaches to pass arrays to functions in C++ that will be discussed in this article along with examples: As a Sized Array As an Unsized Array As a Pointer (Pass by Pointer) As a Reference (Pass by Reference) As a Sized Array This method passes an array to a ... Read More
Dynamic arrays are a type of array that can change their size when new elements are added or removed. They are created using pointers and memory management operators like new and delete. In this article, we will learn how to create and use a dynamic array in C++. What is Dynamic Array? A dynamic array is an array that can change its size during runtime. This is different from a static arrays, which have a fixed size determined by the programmer at compile time. Dynamic arrays are used when the size of the array is not known at compile ... Read More