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A type qualifier is a keyword in C++ that is applied to a variable, function, pointer, or parameter to add an extra feature or quality to it. For example, const int is a qualified type representing a constant integer, while int is an unqualified type, which is simply just an integer. Type qualifiers are a way of expressing additional information about a value through the type system, which ensures correctness in the use of the data. 1. The const Qualifier This is used to define a variable (or object) as constant, which means its value cannot be changed or modified ... Read More
In C++, both #define and const are used to define constants in a program. The #define is a preprocessor directive that creates macros with their fixed values whereas const is a keyword which declare value of variable as constant, meaning its value cannot be changed after intialization. Therefore they have different use cases in different scenarios. In this article, we will learn the differences between these two in detail. #define in C++ The #define is a preprocessor directive that is used to define or assign macros ( name or string ) with a constant value. So wherever the macro occurs ... Read More
A string in C++ is a group of characters written inside double quotes like "Hello" and characters are the single letters or symbols in a string. Converting a string to a char array means putting each character into a simple list (array) of characters. In this article, we will show you how to convert a string to a character array in C++. For example, if we have the string "Hello@TP", converting it to a char array means storing each character 'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '@', 'T', and 'P' separately in an array.How to Convert a String into a Character ... Read More
The Euler path is a path by which we visit every edge exactly once while using the same vertices multiple times. When the starting and ending vertex of the Euler path is the same node (i.e., if a path starts from node 'A' and ends on node 'A'), it is also known as the Eulerian cycle. In this article, our task is to check if the Eulerian cycle exists in the given undirected graph or not. Example of Eulerian Cycle The figure below displays an undirected graph and its respective adjacency matrix. As we can see there exists ... Read More
A dynamic 2D array is an 2D array in which the size of array is determined during runtime and stored using pointers. In this article, we will learn how to create a dynamic 2D array inside a class in C++. First of all, let's understand the problem statement. In this problem, you need to create a class that contains a dynamic 2D array as its data member. The memory allocation and deallocation must be handled using constructor and destructor. For example: // Create a class with dynamic 2D array ClassMatrix m(3, 4); // Output Matrix of size ... Read More
A multidimensional array is an array with more than one dimension. It means that the array can grow in multiple directions, such as length, width, and height. In this article, we will learn how to print the dimensions of given multidimensional array in C++. First of all, let's understand the problem statement. You are given a multidimensional array as input, and you need to print its dimensions such as the number of rows, number of columns, and so on. For example: // Input multidimensional array int arr[3][4] = { {1, 2, 3, 4}, ... Read More
A TAR file is abbreviated as Tape Archive, which is an archive format used mainly in Unix and Linux environments. The Tar file is used to collect more number of files into a single file, which makes it easier to share or backup together. In Python, when we want to work with TAR files, we can use the tarfile module, which allows us to create, read and extract TAR archives programmatically. In this article, we will explore how to extract the files from tar file by using Python. Extracting all files from a"tar" file The extractall() method in Python is ... Read More
Hash Table A hash table is a data structure which is used to store key-value pairs and uses hash function to compute an index into an array of buckets or slots in which an element will be inserted or searched in average-case constant time. Why are Collision a Problem? A collision is a problem because even a perfect hash function can generate the same index for multiple keys, causing a collision. To resolve these, we use techniques like − Chaining Linear Probing Quadratic Probing Quadratic Probing ... Read More
Sometimes, you may come across a scenario where you want to have a function that can take a variable number of arguments, i.e., parameters, instead of a predefined number of parameters. The C/C++ programming language provides a solution for this scenario, and you are allowed to define a function that can accept a variable number of parameters based on your requirement. Following are the ways to use variable number of arguments − C-style Variadic Functions (with stdarg.h) C-style variadic functions in C++ use stdarg.h macros like va_start, va_arg, and va_end to handle a variable number of arguments at runtime. int ... Read More
In Python, a list is a built-in data structure that is used to store a sequence of items. Lists are mutable, i.e., the elements can be changed after the list is created. Syntax to create a Python List The correct syntax to create a Python List is using square brackets "[ ]". We need to specify the elements in the list by separating them with commas. Here is the basic syntax to create a list in Python - my_list = [item1, item2, item3, ...] Example: List of Integers A list of integers in Python is a sequence of whole numbers ... Read More